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Pancreas The pancreas is an abdominal organ that is located behind the stomach and is surrounded by other organs, including the spleen, liver and small intestine. The pancreas is about 6 inches (15.24 centimeters) long, oblong and flat.  The pancreas plays an important role in digestion and in regulating blood sugar. Three diseases associated with the pancreas are pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and diabetes. Function  The pancreas serves two primary functions, according to Jordan Knowlton, an advanced registered nurse practitioner at the University of Florida Health Shands Hospital. It makes "enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbs in the intestines" and produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, he said. Dr. Richard Bowen of Colorado State University's Department of Biomedical Sciences wrote in  Hypertexts for Pathophysiology: Endocrine System , "A well-known effect of insulin is to decrease the concentration of glucose in blood." Th...

Kidney The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the renal system. They help the body pass waste as urine. They also help filter blood before sending it back to the heart. The kidneys perform many crucial functions, including: maintaining overall fluid balance regulating and filtering minerals from blood filtering waste materials from food, medications, and toxic substances creating hormones that help produce red blood cells, promote bone health, and regulate blood pressure Nephrons Nephrons are the most important part of each kidney. They take in blood, metabolize nutrients, and help pass out waste products from filtered blood. Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons. Each has its own internal set of structures. Renal corpuscle After blood enters a nephron, it goes into the renal corpuscle, also called a Malpighian body. The renal corpuscle contains two additional structures: The glomerulus.  This is a cluster of cap...

Liver  The liver is the gland in the body weighing between 1 and 2.3 kg it is situated in  the upper part of the abdomonal cavity occupying the greater part of the right hypochondriac region part of the epigastric region and extending into the left hypochondriac region organs associated with the liverer The liver is endoclosed in a thin inelastic capsule and incompletely covered by a layer of peritoneumv. Folds of peritoneum form supporting ligaments atteching the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm  The liver has four lobes .The two most obivious are the large right lobe and the  smaller , wedge-shape left lobe .  The other two the caudate and quadrate lobes are areas on the posterior  The portal fissure This is the name given to the region on the posterior surface of the liver where various structure enter and leave the gland Blood supply  The hepatic aetery and the portal vein take blood to the liver venou...

Cultivation of Anerobic Bacteria  The main principle of cultivation anerobic bacteria is to reduse the oxygen cantaint of culture media and remove any oxygen which is already paresent the system in the medium (1) Pre- Redused media    For preparing a pre- reduced media the calcture media is bailed for several minute to derive of most of the oxygen content oxygen free nitrogen is bubbled through the medium to keep it anerobic The medium is then dispensed into tubes which are being flrshed with oxygen free nitrogen and are strelized by autoclaving A reducing agent cystein is added to further lower (2) Anaerobic chamber This refer to a plastic anerobic glove box that contains an atmosphere of  H2  , CO2  & N2 culture media are placed with in the chamber by means of an air lock which can be evacuated by reaction with hydrogen forming water this reaction is aided by a paladium catalyst  after being renderd oxygen free the ...

Technics for proclucture (Isolation) In natural heavy tide macrorganism usely grow in a camp mixed population cantining seural speics there for a singhle type of macrorgranism that can be adiquitely in a mixed calture . there for a need of proclucture is required that is ie population of cell arging singhle cell so  there are three technices  (1) spread plate  (2) streak plate  (3)  pour plate  (1) spread plate In a spread plate of a cell a mixture of an a agar surface so in to a completely separate colony    (2) streak plate In this method the microbial mixture is transferred to the edge of and agar plate with the help of enunciation lop of and then stricked out over the surface in one of the suveral pattens  (3) pour plate  In this method in orginal several time to reduse microbial population saficiant to the seprate                The small volu...

Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. They can live within soil, in the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes they lend a helping hand, by curdling milk into yogurt, or helping with our digestion. At other times they are destructive, causing diseases like pneumonia and MRSA. Structure Based on the relative complexity of their cells, all living organisms are broadly classified as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.  Bacteria are prokaryotes. The entire organism consists of a single cell with a simple internal structure. Unlike eukaryotic DNA, which is neatly packed into a cellular compartment called the nucleus, bacterial DNA floats free, in a twisted thread-like mass called the nucleoid.  Bacterial cells also contain separate, circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. Bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles , specialized cellular structures that are de...